Triple negative breast cancer is breast cancer that tests clinically negative in its expression of progesterone and estrogen receptors, and for HER2 proteins.
It is very aggressive, has distinct patterns of metastasis, has unique molecular profile, and doesn’t have targeted therapies that have been proven to work. Most triple negative breast cancers are “basal like” on gene expression arrays, and this characteristic is being actively researched to determine whether or not the BRCA1 (breast cancer 1, early onset) pathway is a contributor to sporadic basal like breast cancer’s behavior.
What are the risk factors for triple negative breast cancer?
Younger women, especially those of African-American descent, appear to be at greatest risk for triple negative breast cancer. In addition, because it does occur in young women, its diagnosis is usually made in the later stages, when treatment is not as effective. If you are a woman of African-American descent, your social economic status is below average, and you are under the age of 40, you are at highest risk of developing triple negative breast cancer.
If you are a Latina woman living at or near the poverty level, your risk is still quite high, second behind African-American women of poverty level socioeconomic status. No one quite knows why and this is still being studied, but it’s assumed that these women have less access to information and regular medical treatment, and the social isolation of living in a high crime area, as often happens with lower socioeconomic levels, may also contribute to its late diagnosis and treatment.
Some studies have also shown that there may be a possible link between infrequent breast-feeding and the number of full term pregnancies a woman has had. Specifically for Latina women, three or more full term pregnancies accompanied by shorter-term breast-feeding may contribute to the incidence of triple negative breast cancer, although more studies need to be done before this can be said definitively to be true. If you have a mutation of the BRCA1 (breast cancer 1, early onset) gene, you’re also at greater risk for developing triple negative breast cancer.
Treating triple negative breast cancer
This type of cancer is sensitive to chemotherapy, but early relapse is quite common, as is metastasis to the brain and other areas. Epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, and other targeted agents are being used in clinical trials; early results show promise in the treatment of triple negative breast cancer.
As of 2008, more than one million women were diagnosed with breast cancer, with about a fifth of those (about 173,000) being classified as “triple negative.” Gene expression analysis now guides treatment of triple negative breast cancer, such that this type of cancer generally has a muted expression of ER- and HER2-related genes; this is usually accompanied by a lack of of HER2 over-expression and is ER/PR-negative. This is why it’s called “triple negative” breast cancer.
-The Health Dude-
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